Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital

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280 Sheppard Ave E. Unit 102, Toronto, ON M2N 3B1 | 647-260-8387 | yonge.sheppard.vets@gmail.com

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Category: Dog Care

Understanding and Managing Itchy Dogs

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Understanding and Managing Itchy Dogs

An Itchy Dog Guide for Pet Owners

Is your dog constantly scratching, biting, or licking themselves? Itchy skin can be more than just a minor annoyance for your furry friend—it could be a sign of an underlying issue that needs attention. In this guide, we’ll explore the various treatment options available for itchy dogs, ranging from mild cases to more severe conditions. Whether you’re a new pet owner or have years of experience, this information can help you identify the right course of action to keep your dog comfortable and healthy.

Topics Covered

Level 1: Mild Itch with No Evidence of Infection

Level 2: Moderate Itch with Mild or Focal Infection

Level 3: Moderate to Severe Itch and Inflammation with Diffuse Infection

In this guide, we’ll explore the various treatment options available for itchy dogs, based on different levels of itchiness. Whether you’re dealing with a mild itch or a more severe condition, this post will help you identify the appropriate steps to take to keep your dog comfortable and healthy.

Level 1: Mild Itch with No Evidence of Infection

For dogs experiencing mild itching without any signs of infection, simple interventions can often provide relief. These steps focus on managing potential allergens and maintaining good skin health.

1. Parasite Control

Ensure your dog has at least three months of good parasite control with Isoxazoline products like Simparica, NexGard, or Bravecto.

2. Calming Shampoo

Bathe your dog with a calming shampoo, such as Douxo Calm, and follow up with a conditioner like Humilac or an aloe and oatmeal leave-in conditioner.

3. Limit Allergen Exposure

Wipe your dog’s paws and coat with a damp cloth after outdoor activities, and consider using a t-shirt or coat to limit skin contact with allergens.

4. Special Diet

Consider a limited-ingredient diet like Hill’s Derm Complete, which contains essential oils and ingredients to support skin and coat health.

Level 2: Moderate Itch with Mild or Focal Infection

If your dog’s itching has progressed to a moderate level or if there are signs of mild infection, it’s important to work with your veterinarian and take more targeted action. This level introduces specific treatments to address both the itch and any underlying infections.

1. Skin Cytology and Topical Treatments

Perform a skin cytology to determine the presence of infection. For yeast infections, use a miconazole-containing shampoo daily to three times weekly for 2-4 weeks. For bacterial infections, use a chlorhexidine-containing shampoo with the same frequency.

To Perform a Good Bath

Apply a generous lather to the affected area / whole body. Allow the Lather sit for 5 minutes. Rinse and dry completely. The efficacy of the shampoo is dependant on the amount of contact time it has with the skin.

2. Control Inflammation

Apply topical treatments like Theraderm or Isathal to help control inflammation and itching.

3. Parasite Control

We want to further support good skin health with good parasite control lasting at least 3 months.

4. Cytopoint

Cytopoint is an injectable medication that helps control itching in dogs with atopic dermatitis for 4-6 weeks by neutralizing itch proteins with minimal side effects. It is very well tolerated with very minimal side effects. Some dogs may develop tolerance to this medication over time.

5. Apoquel

Apoquel is an oral medication that is given once daily to stop itching by blocking a common itch receptor. It’s generally safe but should not be used in dogs younger than one year or those with serious infections.

6. Hypoallergenic Food Trial

Conducting a hypoallergenic food trial with products like Hill’s Z/d or Royal Canin HP (Hydrolyzed Protein) can be challenging but is crucial for identifying food triggers and managing your dog’s allergies.

7. Bloodwork

This is done to evaluate your dog for underlying hormonal imbalances, such as Cushing’s disease or hypothyroidism, which could contribute to recurrent infections.

Level 3: Moderate to Severe Itch and Inflammation with Diffuse Infection

When a dog’s itching becomes severe and widespread, often accompanied by diffuse infections, comprehensive treatment is necessary. This level of care involves that of level 2, and more intensive therapies, including systemic medications and possible referral to a dermatology specialist.

1. Steroids (short term use only!)

Steroids are an invaluable tool in the treatment of allergies. They help control inflammation which is the cornerstone of allergies. That being said, they come with a long list of side effects and should only be used for short periods of time (1-2 months) at a time.

2. Systemic Antimicrobials based on Cytology +/- Culture

In severe infections, oral or injectable antibiotics or antifungals may be necessary.

Important Note: In light of increasing antimicrobial resistance in both humans and animals, it’s crucial to use systemic antimicrobials only when needed. Medication selection should be based on evidence from cytology and culture. By employing these medications sparingly and only when absolutely necessary we can safeguard their effectively for both humans and animals.

3. Atopica (Cyclosporine)

Like steroids this is an immunosuppressive drug used in the control of allergies in dogs and cats. Unlike steroids this medication can be used long term for maintenance therapy.

Note: The most common side effect of this medication is an upset tummy. This will often resolve with persistence, and tricks like putting the capsule into the freezer the night before can be very helpful. This medication should also be used with caution in patients with severe underlying infections and pets with kidney and liver disease. Pre-medication lab work and monitoring of liver and kidney values are recommended while using this medication.

4. Dermatology Referral and Allergy Testing

For our most severely affected pets we may recommend referral to a dermatologist who can:

a) Assess what we’ve done so far and make expert adjustments to our diagnostic and treatment plans

b) They can help develop an allergy vaccine (Allergen Immunotherapy) for your pet. Veterinary dermatologists can perform specific tests to help narrow down what your pet is most allergic to. They can use this information to develop a tailored allergy vaccine. By exposing your pet to small frequent amounts of what they are allergic to, they can slowly develop a tolerance to the allergens over time.

Managing an itchy dog requires a thorough understanding of the possible causes and appropriate treatments. Whether your dog’s itching is mild or severe, early intervention can make a significant difference in their comfort and quality of life. If you notice your dog scratching more than usual or showing any signs of discomfort, don’t hesitate to contact us at call/text us at 647-260-8387 or email us yonge.sheppard.vets@gmail.com to set up an appointment. We’re here to help you find the right solution for your pet’s needs and ensure they stay healthy and happy 🐾

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Acute Vomiting in Pets

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Acute Vomiting in Pets

Vomiting is a common symptom in dogs and cats that can leave pet parents worried. Just like in humans, vomiting can be a symptom arising from a large number underlying causes. While it’s comforting to know that occasional vomiting will usually resolve with a little tender loving care, it’s important to recognize when it might be a red flag for a more serious problem.

A concerned puppy next to a pile of vomit

Topics Covered

Common Causes of Acute Vomiting

Diagnosing Acute Vomiting in Pets

Treatment Options for Acute Vomiting

Can’t get to the Veterinarian? Home Care Options for Pets

When to Seek Veterinary Veterinary Attention

Prevention of Acute Vomiting in Pets

As a responsible pet owner you may find yourself wondering when it’s time to sound the alarm and when it’s safe to take a wait-and see approach. In this article, we’ll delve into the reasons behind acute vomiting and discuss common diagnosis and treatment strategies to ensure the well-being of your beloved canine and feline companions. So, let’s dive in and uncover the mystery behind your pet’s upset tummy!

Common Causes of Acute Vomiting

There are a lot of things that can cause vomiting in pets. By being able to rule in or out the cause of your pets upset tummy, your vet can help ensure that your pet gets the treatment they need to get them feeling better.

1. Dietary Indiscretion

Dogs are known for their indiscriminate eating habits and sometimes they make bad choices. Consuming spoiled or inappropriate food, eating to quickly, or scavenging garbage can quickly lead to an upset tummy.

 

2. Gastrointestinal Obstruction

Sometimes our pets make bad choices that lead them to ingest foreign objects like toys, string, corncobs or socks, which can get stuck in the digestive tract, causing a life-threatening blockage and vomiting.

A Labrador retriever eyeing hot dogs in the fridge, potential for GI upset

3. Infectious Disease

There are a variety of viruses, bacteria and parasites that can infect our furry friends which may result in vomiting. Some of the common culprits include parvovirus, roundworms, salmonella, helicobacter and leptospirosis.

4. Toxins and Medications

Ingesting toxic substances like chocolate, plants (such as lilies), human drugs and medications can trigger vomiting and other serious symptoms in dogs and cats.

5. Metabolic Disorders

Conditions that affect major organ function like the liver, kidney or pancreas can lead to severe vomiting.

6. Autoimmune and Allergic conditions

Some dogs and cats may develop a food sensitivity or allergy which can be characterized by vomiting.

7. Cancer

Unfortunately, cancer may also cause acute vomiting in dogs and cats.  Although this is not something any pet owner wants to hear, it should always be considered, especially in our older patients. 

Diagnosing Acute Vomiting in Pets

Diagnostic testing allows your veterinarian to:

a) Rule out life threatening causes of vomiting

b) Provide prognostic information (i.e. how worried do we need to be?)

c) Rule in some causes of vomiting that might require specific therapy (e.g. vomiting caused by an intestinal foreign body that needs surgical intervention, while vomiting caused by Addison’s disease needs to be managed with highly specific medication). 

To do this your veterinarian may recommend a variety of diagnostic tests to try and identify the underlying cause of the vomiting.  These may include:

1. Physical Exam

Assess hydration and vitals as well as look for physical clues which can tell us what is causing the vomiting (e.g. abdominal mass or a string under the tongue).  This can also tell us which pets are stable and likely ok to try symptomatic management and which pests likely need more aggressive treatment and work up. 

2. Blood Tests

To evaluate organ function and look for signs of infection.

3. Abdominal Imaging  (X-rays or Ultrasound)

To detect gastrointestinal obstructions or other structural abnormalities.

4. Fecal analysis

To evaluate for parasites.

5. Infectious disease testing

Specific tests to look for parvovirus or FIV/FeLV or panleukopenia may be considered. 

My veterinarian ran a bunch of tests and they were all normal - what now?!

You may find yourself in a situation where your veterinarian has conducted tests, and to your relief (or perhaps frustration), everything appears normal. Don’t worry, you’re not alone! In many cases of vomiting, the precise cause remains elusive even after thorough examination.

But why is this good news?

One of the most important reasons to perform tests is to rule out serious conditions that might demand immediate attention, such as surgical intervention for a potential blockage. The absence of abnormal findings is, in fact, a positive outcome, allowing you and your veterinarian to breathe a little easier.  With the scary causes ruled out, the focus can shift to managing your pet’s vomiting symptoms. Your veterinarian may recommend a plan for symptomatic relief or, if necessary, suggest more specific testing down the line.

Treatment Options for Acute Vomiting

The treatment approach for acute vomiting will depend on the severity of the symptoms and the underlying cause (if and when identified).

 

1. For patients with vomiting lasting less than 24hrs, normal vitals and hydration

Your veterinarian may recommend a short fast (6-12 hrs) followed by feeding small frequent meals of a bland diet (Please see Home care for acute vomiting in dogs)

2. Fluid Therapy

In dogs with evidence of dehydration your veterinarian may recommend hospitalization for IV fluids or, for more mild dehydration, subcutaneous fluids. This will help correct dehydration, restore electrolyte balance and maintain hydration while your pet is recovering.

3. Medications

Anti-vomiting medications can help control vomiting and relieve discomfort allowing your pets body some much needed relief.

4. Addressing the underlying cause

Specific treatment protocols will be implemented based on the diagnosed cause, such as surgery or specific medication therapy.

Can’t get to the Veterinarian? Home Care Options for Pets

Step 1

No food or water for 6-12 hrs to allow the tummy a chance to rest and recuperate. (Not recommended in puppies/kittens less than 2mo or weighing less than 2kg)

Step 2

If no vomiting occurs in 6-12 hrs food and water can be introduced SLOWLY. We suggest offering 1-2 Tbsp of a bland diet (e.g. Royal Canin Gastrointestinal, Hill’s Biome, Hill’s ID) paired with a few sips of water. Then wait 1-2 hours. If no vomiting occurs, offer the same amount again and repeat for the next 24hrs.

Pro-Tip

GO SLOW. We don’t want to overburden a sensitive tummy with a whole bunch of food or water …even if they seem thirsty or hungry.  Fast expansion of a sensitive tummy might result in vomiting resulting in dehydration and sending us back to square one.

Home-cooked Bland Diet Options

Cooked lean ground beef or chicken and boiled rice

Step 3

If no vomiting occurs then the next day you can start to offer water freely and divide the bland diet into 3-4 small meals.  We recommend continuing the bland diet until your pet has been normal for 48hrs. 

Step 4

Once symptoms have subsided for 48hrs you can slowly transition your pet back to their regular diet. We recommend transitioning over the course of 3-5 days.

**Should symptoms persist, worsen or change, have your pet evaluated by a veterinarian** 

When to Seek Veterinary Veterinary Attention

While many instances of mild vomiting will resolve spontaneously with some TLC and supportive care at home, it is crucial to understand when vomiting necessitates medical attention. 

1. Vomiting Lasting More than 48 Hours with No Improvement

2. Moderate to Severe Lethargy

3. Puppies or Kittens Under 16 Weeks of Age or those weighing less than 1kg

Young animals are more vulnerable and can deteriorate quickly. If they’re vomiting, it’s better to err on the side of caution and consult a veterinarian.

4. Non-Productive Retching

If your dog is attempting to vomit but nothing is coming out, it can indicate a GDV (gastric dilatation and volvulus). This is most common in our large and giant breed dogs. This is a true emergency, and you should head to an emergency room right away.

 

Occasionally patients may aspirate after vomiting, resulting in pneumonia. This is most common in our brachycephalic breed dogs (like bulldogs and persians) Any indications of difficulty breathing or respiratory distress are serious and warrant immediate attention at an emergency veterinary clinic.

Prevention of Acute Vomiting in Pets

a) Regular Veterinary Check-ups

Regular wellness examinations and vaccines can help identify potential health issues early on and prevent potentially life threatening diseases and infections.

b) Proper Diet and Feeding Practices

Provide a well-balanced, high-quality diet and avoid sudden changes in food.

c) Avoid Access to Harmful Substances

Keep household chemicals, medications, toxic plants, and other hazardous materials out of your pet’s reach.

A cat nibbling on grass, a common behavior that (depending on the plant and what it's been treated with) may lead to vomiting in dogs and cats

At Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital, we’re dedicated to providing top-notch care for your pets. If you have questions about your pet’s health or need advice, don’t hesitate to contact us by call/text at 647-260-8387 or by email at yonge.sheppard.vets@gmail.com. Your pet’s happiness and health matter to us every day!

– The Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital Team 🐾💚

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Lumps and Bumps: A Pet Owner’s Guide to Skin Lumps

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Lumps and Bumps: A Pet Owner’s Guide to Skin Lumps

So, your furry friend has a mystery bump? 🐾

Hey there, pet parent! We get it – finding a weird lump or bump on your beloved furball can be a little unsettling. But don’t panic! In this handy guide, we’ll explore the ins and outs of those enigmatic skin growths and what to do next.

fur on a dog's back is parted with a comb, showing a blueberry sized lump

Topics Covered:

The Big “C” Question: Is It Cancer?
Decoding Benign vs. Malignant Lumps
“The Scoop” on Sampling Lumps The Margin Mystery
Treatment Options

The Big "C" Question: Is It Cancer?

The first thing you want to know is if that lump is the “Big C” – cancer. Here are some questions to help you figure it out. It’s also a good idea to look over these questions and have some answers ready for when you bring your pet to the vet to get their lump examined:

a) How long has it been there? 

b) Is it getting bigger?

c) Does it change from day to day? (Is it big one day and small the next?)

d) Does it cause any pain or discomfort? (Do you see your pet scratching/licking at the lump? Are you able to handle the lump, or does your pet have a reaction when you try to touch it?)

Not all Lumps are Created Equal: Understanding Benign vs. Malignant Lumps

So, what exactly separates a benign lump from a malignant one? Let’s break it down:

Benign Lumps:

These lumps are either non-cancerous or very gentle cancers that don’t pose a significant threat to your pet’s health. They often have well-defined borders and appear similar to normal tissues. Benign lumps generally grow slowly and tend to remain in one place.

 

Surgical removal with clear margins is often curative for benign lumps.

Malignant Lumps:​

Malignant lumps are cancerous, and can potentially spread to other parts of the body. They may lack well-defined borders and often appear different from surrounding tissues.These lumps tend to grow faster and can infiltrate nearby structures.

Treatment for malignant lumps may involve additional steps, such as chemotherapy, radiation, or more extensive surgery.

Understanding the nature of a lump is crucial because it guides the choice of treatment and helps you and your veterinarian make the best decisions for your furry friend.

So how do we know which lumps are good and which are good and which lumps are bad?

While some lumps have a characteristic look, the truth is we can’t tell if it’s cancer without examining the cells under a microscope.

"The Scoop" on Sampling Lumps

There are three ways to sample a lump:

1. Fine Needle Aspirate 

To perform this diagnostic, we take a small needle and poke it into the lump while simultaneously aspirating to pull up a small sample of cells which are (hopefully) representative of the mass. 

 

Pros: Simple, no sedation, budget-friendly.

Cons: Not always conclusive.  

Why aren't FNAs conclusive all the time?

1. Exfoliation Variation​

Not all cells exfoliate (shed) in the same way. Picture sticking a needle into an orange and drawing back – you might get a tiny bit of orange juice. Now, envision doing the same to a sponge – you’d likely come up empty. Masses (lumps) are similar. Some are inherently more fibrous and don’t readily release cells.

2. Accuracy Challenges

Sometimes, the lump is nestled amidst other structures like fat, infection, or inflammation. This can make it difficult to collect cells that accurately represent the lump itself, rather than the surrounding tissue. Think of trying to poke a boba pearl submerged in the center of a large bowl of gelatin – the target is there, but it’s not easy to isolate around the surrounding gelatin.

 

In such cases, FNA may provide inconclusive results, necessitating other diagnostic methods for a more precise assessment.

2. Excisional Biopsy

Here, we surgically remove the WHOLE lump and send it to the lab.

 

Pros: If it’s benign and we get clean margins, it could be curative. 

Cons: May need a second surgery if margins aren’t clean, costlier, and might require anesthesia.

3. Incisional Biopsy

Here, we take a only a SMALL PIECE of the mass and send it to the lab.

 

Pros: High likelihood of getting an answer about what the lump is.

Cons: More expensive, might need sedation, and additional treatments.

The "Margin" Mystery

Not all lumps are equal; some are exactly as they appear to be, others are sneaky and have extensive networks of tissue that extend beyond the margins of the primary lump.  When it comes to exercising cancer, you need to get every cell to prevent it from coming back.  

 

Think of them like plants. If the roots are simple and narrow, then removing the main mass works. But if it has extensive “roots,” we need to know what we’re dealing with. Margins are like how much of the “roots” we need to remove.

Treatment Options

1.  Monitor

If the lump is small, stable, and your furry friend seems unperturbed by it, it’s perfectly fine to keep an eye on it. However, be vigilant! If you notice any of the following changes, it’s time to consult your vet:

a) Lump is getting bigger
b) Lump is changing in any way (such as a change in the consistency, size, color of the lump)
c) Signs of inflammation or infection (such as red, irritated/angry skin, pus discharge)
d) Pain

Keep in mind, any lump that has been around for more than 1-2 months should be sampled to rule out potential concerns.


2. Fine Needle Aspirate

When in doubt, let’s “poke” this mystery bump with a tiny needle and analyze the cells under a microscope. This method is straightforward, usually doesn’t require sedation, and is relatively budget-friendly. However, it may not always provide conclusive results.

 

3. Biopsy

Sometimes, we need the whole scoop. In this case, a biopsy involves surgically removing the entire lump for a closer look under the microscope. The benefit is that if it’s benign and clean margins are achieved, it can be curative. But if margins aren’t clean, a second surgery may be necessary. This option can be pricier and may require sedation or even anesthesia, depending on the size and location of the lump.

Remember, finding a lump on your pet can be a little scary, but don’t jump to conclusions. It’s like a mystery waiting to be solved. If you’re concerned, consult your friendly neighborhood veterinarian. They’ll help you figure out the best way to tackle it and keep your furry friend in tip-top shape! 🐶🐾🐱

– The Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital Team 🐾💚

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The Essential Guide to Puppy Nutrition

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The Essential Guide to Puppy Nutrition

A Puppy Nutrition Guide

Puppies are bundles of joy, bringing happiness and energy into our lives. As pet parents, we know that providing a balanced and nutritious diet is vital for the growth, development, and overall health of our puppy. However, many pet owners face confusion when trying to find the right food for their puppies, and who can blame them!  Given the multitude of options available on the market it can be challenging to know what is good nutrition and what is just good marketing. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore various aspects of puppy nutrition, including considerations for large breed versus small breed puppies, the raw food diet trend, grain-free diets, and the role of AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials) in ensuring quality pet food.

Puppy nutrition tips from Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital

Topics Covered:

Large Breed vs Small Breed Nutrition

Raw Food for Puppies

Grain-Free Diets for Puppies

Dispelling the Myth of By-Products in Food

The Role of AAFCO in Puppy Nutrition

Feeding Frequency and Portion Control

Supplements for Puppy Health

Puppies are at a critical stage of life, and proper nutrition lays the foundation for their future health. Good nutrition not only supports their physical growth but also contributes to cognitive development, immune system function, and longevity. Understanding the unique nutritional needs of puppies is essential for their well-being.

Feeding Tips for Large and Small Breed Puppies

Puppies come in a variety of sizes, and it’s crucial to understand that their nutritional needs differ based on their size. Large breed puppies, such as Great Danes or Labrador Retrievers, have distinct growth rates and development patterns compared to small breed puppies like Chihuahuas or Pomeranians. Providing appropriate nutrition for each size is essential to ensure their bones, joints, and muscles develop properly.

 

For large breed puppies, it’s important to focus on controlled growth to prevent skeletal issues. Rapid growth can put excessive strain on their developing bones and joints, increasing the risk of conditions like hip dysplasia or elbow dysplasia. Feeding a specially formulated diet that promotes slow and steady growth while providing the necessary nutrients for optimal bone and muscle development is crucial for their long-term health.

On the other hand, small breed puppies have higher metabolic rates and faster metabolisms. Due to their smaller size, they require more energy-dense meals and may need to be fed more frequently throughout the day. Their tiny stomachs can only hold small amounts of food at a time, so dividing their daily portion into several smaller meals ensures can help prevent low blood sugar and ensure they receive the necessary nutrients without overwhelming their digestive system.

Raw Food Diets for Puppies

Raw food diets have gained popularity among dog owners seeking to provide a more “natural” and “ancestral diet”. Advocates claim that feeding raw food can improve a puppy’s coat, digestion, and overall health. However, it is crucial to consider the potential risks associated with raw food diets, especially the higher amounts of bacteria present in raw meat.  The underdeveloped immune system of a puppy is simply not equipped to handle the higher levels of bacteria present in raw food.  For this reason raw food should be avoided in puppies.

Grain-Free Diets for Puppies

Grain-free diets have become a popular choice for many pet owners. These diets exclude grains like wheat, corn, and instead, rely on alternative carbohydrate sources. Recent studies have linked grain-free diets to an increased risk of heart disease in certain breeds. Until the pathophysiology of this condition is better understood we recommend avoiding grain free diets.

Dispelling the Myth of Byproducts in Puppy Food

There is a common misconception among pet owners about the inclusion of byproducts in puppy food. Byproducts are often misunderstood and unfairly stigmatized, leading to the belief that they are of low quality or harmful to pets. However, it’s important to dispel this myth and understand the truth about byproducts in the context of puppy nutrition.

By-products refer to parts of animals that are not commonly consumed by humans, such as organs, blood, or bone. While they may not be the prime cuts of meat that humans byproducts are an important source of nutrients and can be highly beneficial for puppies. Organ meats, for example, are rich in essential vitamins like vitamin A, vitamin B12, and iron. Including byproducts in puppy food allows for a more sustainable and environmentally friendly use of the whole animal, reducing waste and promoting a more responsible approach to food production.

It’s important to note that not all byproducts are created equal, and the quality of the ingredients used in puppy food is crucial. Reputable pet food manufacturers carefully select and process byproducts to ensure they meet strict quality and safety standards.

When choosing puppy food, it’s essential to focus on the overall quality of the product rather than dismissing it solely based on the presence of byproducts. Look for brands that prioritize transparency, provide detailed ingredient lists, and clearly state the nutritional benefits of their products.

Trusted brands often go through rigorous testing, research, and development to ensure that their puppy food provides a balanced and complete diet. Royal Canin and Hills are two trusted food brands that are dedicated to the science of pet nutrition.

The Role of AAFCO in Puppy Nutrition

AAFCO sets nutritional standards and guidelines for pet food in the United States. When choosing puppy food, look for products that meet AAFCO’s standards for growth and development. AAFCO-approved labels ensure that the food contains the necessary nutrients in appropriate amounts for puppies. It is important to prioritize quality and choose brands that have undergone feeding trials to ensure their effectiveness like Royal Canin and Hill’s.

Feeding Frequency and Portion Control

Establishing a proper feeding schedule and controlling portion sizes are key to maintaining a healthy weight and preventing overfeeding or underfeeding. Puppies require frequent meals throughout the day, with the number of feedings gradually decreasing as they grow older. It is important to monitor your puppy’s body condition and adjust the portion sizes accordingly to avoid obesity or malnutrition. Most high quality puppy food will have feeding guidelines on the bag based on the puppies weight and age. 

Supplements for Puppy Health

Many puppy owners are eager to provide supplements to ensure their furry companions receive optimal nutrition. However, the truth is that if you are already feeding a high-quality puppy diet, additional supplements are generally unnecessary.  In fact inappropriate supplements and vitamins could harm your puppy.  Be sure to talk to your veterinarian before starting any supplement or nutraceutical. 

Providing your puppy with proper nutrition is one of the most important aspects of their care. Understanding their unique needs based on breed size, considering different diet options such as raw food or grain-free diets, and ensuring compliance with AAFCO standards will set your puppy on the path to a healthy and happy life. Remember to consult with your veterinarian for personalized guidance and support throughout your puppy’s nutritional journey.

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The Essential Guide To Puppies and Parasites

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The Essential Guide to Puppies and Parasites

When it comes to puppies, their health and well-being are of utmost importance. One aspect that puppy owners need to be aware of is the presence of parasites. Parasites can have a significant impact on the health of puppies and may even pose risks to human health. Let’s discuss the prevalence of parasites in puppies, their zoonotic potential, and provide recommendations for early deworming and parasite control.

Topics Covered:

Common  Parasites in Puppies

Zoonotic Potential of Parasites
Early Deworming in Puppies

Heartworm Prevention in Puppies

Flea and Tick Control in Puppies

Frequently Asked Questions

Common Parasites in Puppies

Puppies are highly susceptible to intestinal parasites, and the prevalence of these parasites in young dogs is alarmingly high. Common intestinal parasites in puppies include roundworms, giardia,  hookworms, whipworms, and tapeworms. These parasites can cause a range of health issues, including diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, and poor growth.

 

To ensure the health and well-being of our puppies, it is crucial to provide routine preventive deworming and regular fecal examinations during the first year of life. These examinations help identify the presence of parasites and allow for timely treatment. Veterinarians recommend more frequent fecal examinations in puppies due to their higher susceptibility to parasitic infections.

Zoonotic Potential of Parasites

Parasites not only affect the health of puppies but can also pose risks to human health. Zoonotic parasites are those that can be transmitted between animals and humans. For example, roundworms can be transmitted to humans, especially children, through contact with contaminated soil or feces. This can lead to a condition known as visceral larva migrans, which can cause various symptoms and complications.

 

It is essential for puppy owners to be aware of the zoonotic potential of parasites and take necessary precautions to prevent the spread of these parasites to humans. This includes practicing good hygiene, regularly deworming puppies, and promptly removing feces from the environment.

 

Early Deworming in Puppies

To combat the high prevalence of parasites in puppies, early deworming is recommended. Deworming should ideally start at 2 weeks of age and be repeated every 2 weeks until the puppy is started on year-round parasite control. This early intervention helps eliminate existing parasites and reduces the risk of further infestation.

Deworming should be done before starting year-round parasite control

Some parasite preventive medications may not be effective against your pups existing infections, and deworming helps ensure their effectiveness. At your first visit your veterinarian will create a tailored parasite prevention plan for your puppy based on its previous medication history and lifestyle.

Heartworm Prevention in Puppies: An Ounce of Prevention is worth a Pound of Cure

Heartworm disease is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by infected mosquitoes. Puppies can become infected with heartworm larvae at a young age, making early prevention crucial. Most heartworm preventives can be started as early as 4–8 weeks of age, as recommended by the label.

Starting heartworm preventive medication early helps protect puppies from this serious disease. Luckily the prevalence in Southern Ontario is quite low and Heartworm preventives are typically administered monthly from June to November. The medications provide continuous protection against heartworm infection.

Flea and Tick Control in Puppies

Fleas and ticks are not only irritating for puppies but can also transmit diseases and cause significant discomfort. In our neighborhood, ticks have become an increasingly worrisome issue to a point where all dogs should be on tick prevention from March to November. It is advisable to start flea and tick control as early as recommended by the product label, usually around 6–8 weeks of age. Flea and tick control products come in various forms, including topical treatments and oral medications.

By implementing flea and tick control early on, puppy owners can protect their furry companions from the risks associated with these parasites. Regular use of effective flea and tick control products helps prevent infestations, reduces the chances of diseases, and ensures the overall well-being of puppies.

Conclusion

Our puppies are vulnerable to parasites, and it is crucial to address this issue early on. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in puppies is high, and regular deworming and fecal examinations during the first year of life is essential. Additionally, parasites can pose risks to human health, emphasizing the need for awareness and preventive measures.

 

Early deworming, starting at 2 weeks of age and repeating every 2 weeks until year-round parasite control is initiated, is recommended. Heartworm prevention and flea and tick control should also be initiated as early as recommended by the label. By following these recommendations, puppy owners can ensure the health and well-being of their beloved pets.

FAQs

1. When should I start deworming my puppy?

Deworming should ideally start at 2 weeks of age and be repeated every 2 weeks until the puppy is started on year-round parasite control.

2. Can parasites in puppies be transmitted to humans?

Yes, certain parasites can be transmitted to humans. It is important to practice good hygiene and regularly deworm puppies to prevent the spread of zoonotic parasites.

3. What is the zoonotic potential of roundworms?

Roundworms can be transmitted to humans, especially children, through contact with contaminated soil or feces. This can lead to a condition known as visceral larva migrans.

4. When should I start heartworm prevention in my puppy?

Most heartworm preventives can be started as early as 4–8 weeks of age, as recommended by the label.

5. Why is flea and tick control important for puppies?

Fleas and ticks can transmit diseases and cause discomfort for puppies. Starting flea and tick control early helps prevent infestations and ensures the overall well-being of puppies.

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Unraveling the Mystery of Canine Coughing

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Unraveling the Mystery of Canine Coughing

Discover the Causes and When to Call in the Vet

Is your furry friend coughing up a storm? Delve into the surprisingly complex world of canine coughing as we uncover its puzzling causes and shed light on when it’s time to hit the panic button. From kennel cough to heart disease, this guide will empower pet parents to navigate through the coughing conundrum. Don’t miss out on expert insights that will help you become a savvy guardian of your four-legged pal’s health. Find out when it’s time to unleash the vet superhero and ensure your pup’s well-being is in good hands.

Topics Covered:

Common Causes of Coughing in Dogs
Diagnosing the Cause for Canine Cough
Recognizing When to Monitor a Cough or When to Seek Veterinary Attention

Coughing is a common symptom in dogs, much like it is in humans. While most coughs in dogs are usually benign and self-limiting, it is crucial for pet owners to be aware that coughing can sometimes indicate a more serious underlying condition. Being knowledgeable about what to watch for will help identify potentially severe causes promptly, ensuring the well-being of your furry friend.

Common Causes of Coughing in Dogs

The prognosis of a cough can range from completely harmless to potentially life-threatening, depending on its underlying cause. Let’s explore some of the common culprits of coughing in dogs:

1. Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC) aka Kennel Cough

Similar to the common cold in humans, this is a highly contagious respiratory infection that can cause coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge in dogs. Vaccination can help prevent this condition.

2. Collapsing Trachea

This occurs when the rings of cartilage that support the trachea weaken, leading to narrowing and collapse of the airway. Small dog breeds, such as Chihuahuas and Pomeranians, are particularly prone to this condition.

3. Asthma

Just like people, dogs can develop asthma, leading to coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Allergens and environmental factors can trigger asthma attacks in dogs.

4. Heart Failure​

Coughing can be a symptom of heart failure in dogs. When the heart is unable to efficiently pump blood, fluid can accumulate in the lungs, causing coughing and difficulty breathing. For this reason it is important to watch out for coughing in any dog with a history of a heart murmur.

5. Pneumonia

This is a serious bacterial,  viral or even fungal infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, along with other symptoms like fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite and difficulty breathing.

6. Cancer

Unfortunately, in some cases, coughing can be a sign of lung cancer or tumors affecting the respiratory system. It’s essential to rule out this possibility, especially in older dogs.

Diagnosing the Cause for Canine Cough

Identifying the specific cause of a cough in dogs can be a challenging task. Veterinarians rely on various clues obtained during a physical examination to determine which diagnostic tests are warranted for determining the underlying cause. Determining the helps your veterinarian tailor your dogs therapy to ensure that get back on their paws as soon as possible. Let’s take a closer look at some of the tests commonly employed to investigate the cause of a dog’s cough:

1. Chest X-rays

Chest radiographs provide valuable information about the condition of the lungs, trachea, and heart. They can help identify abnormalities such as fluid accumulation, tumors, or signs of infection.

2. Blood Pressure Measurement and Echocardiogram

To assess the possibility of heart disease, your dog’s veterinarian may recommend measuring blood pressure and performing an echocardiogram. These tests provide information about the structure and function of the heart and can help diagnose conditions such as heart failure or heart murmurs.

3. Bloodwork

Blood tests are essential for evaluating various factors related to your dog’s health. In cases of suspected infections or allergies, bloodwork can help assess the white blood cell count and give your veterinarian vital clues as to the cause and seriousness of the cough. Additionally, bloodwork can reveal if other organs are affected and help determine the safety of certain medications.

4. Bronchoalveolar Lavage

In some cases, a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) may be recommended. This specialized procedure involves collecting fluid from the airways for analysis. BAL can provide valuable information about the presence of infectious agents, inflammatory cells, or cancer cells, aiding in the diagnosis of respiratory diseases.

Recognizing When to Monitor a Cough or When to Seek Veterinary Attention

As a pet parent, it’s essential to know when a cough in your dog is something you can monitor at home and when it may indicate a potentially life-threatening condition. While it’s always advisable to consult with a veterinarian for a professional evaluation, here are some guidelines to help you make an initial assessment:

1. Duration of the Cough

A cough that has been present for less than two weeks and shows no signs of worsening may be suitable for monitoring. However, if the cough persists or worsens over time, seeking veterinary attention is crucial.

2. Energy Levels and Appetite

If your dog maintains normal energy levels, continues to eat and drink normally, and displays no significant changes in behavior, it may indicate a less urgent situation. However, any noticeable decline in energy, appetite, or sudden changes in behavior warrant veterinary evaluation.

3. Respiratory Rate and Effort

Monitor your dog’s respiratory rate, which is the number of breaths per minute, to assess the severity of the cough. If your dog’s resting respiratory rate consistently measures less than 30 breaths per minute, it indicates a relatively normal respiratory effort. However, if the rate is elevated or there are signs of increased effort, such as labored breathing or wheezing, prompt veterinary attention is necessary.

4. Presence of Other Symptoms

Pay attention to any additional symptoms accompanying the cough. Signs such as fever, lethargy, nasal discharge, rapid breathing, blue-tinged gums, or coughing up blood are concerning and should be evaluated by a veterinarian without delay.

At Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital, we understand how much you adore your furry sidekick and how worrisome it can be when your four-legged friend isn’t feeling their best. We hope that this quick guide to coughing will equip you with all the know-how and confidence you need to be a savvy pet parent. Remember, we’re always here to help and ready to lend a helping paw every step of the way.

Got any burning questions? Don’t hesitate to reach out to us! You can contact the team at Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital via:

Call/Text: 647-260-8387
Email: yonge.sheppard.vets@gmail.com

– The Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital Team 🐾

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Decoding Pet Emergencies: When to Rush and When to Relax

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Decoding Pet Emergencies: When to Rush and When to Relax

A Triage Guide from the team at Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital

Hey there, pet parents and furry friends!  We know you’d move mountains to keep your four-legged companions happy and healthy. But let’s face it, sometimes deciphering their mysterious signals can feel like translating ancient hieroglyphics. Fret not! The dogtors at Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital are here with a guide.

Topics Covered:

True Emergencies

Difficulty Breathing

Unstoppable Bleeding

Severe Trauma

Non-productive Retching

Urinary Straining

Seizures

Toxic Ingestion

Semi-Urgent Care Required

Eye Issues

Not Eating

Vomiting

Single Isolated Seizure

Leg Issues

Non-Urgent Care Required

Diarrhea

Ears and Skin

Urinary Troubles

Coughing

Limping

Resources and Contacts for Emergency Situations

🚨 The True Emergencies of Emergencies 🚨

Think of this as the red alert category – situations where speed is your best friend. Your pet needs to be seen as soon as possible.

1. Difficulty Breathing

Rapid, labored breathing or gasping for air.  A resting respiratory rate GREATER than 36 breaths / min. Learn how to take a resting respiratory rate here.

2. Unstoppable Bleeding

Any wound that won’t stop bleeding.

3. Severe Trauma

Accidents like being hit by a car, falling from a height or being bitten by another animal.

4. Non-productive Retching
Pets who are trying to throw up/vomit but nothing is coming up. This symptom, especially in large breed dogs, could be GDV (Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus), and needs to be evaluated right away.
5. Urinary Straining
Straining to pee with nothing coming out – this is most common in male cats. Not being able to pee can become life threatening in as little as 12 hours. If your pet is straining to pee, but is still producing urine, or if they’re urinating where they shouldn’t or has blood in their pee, see here.
6. Seizures
Convulsions or fits lasting more than 5 minutes or multiple seizures occurring in a day or a sudden change in mental status. For what to do if your pet experienced a single isolated seizure, see here.
7. Toxic Ingestion
From chocolates to lilies, if you know your pet has ingested something toxic, inducing vomiting within an hour of ingestion can be critical. If you’re not sure what they ate is toxic, the best number to call is the ASPCA Animal Poison Control at (888) 426-4435, available 24/7 for 365 days of the year.

🚑 Urgent but not "Let's Break the Sound Barrier" Urgent 🚑

Think of this as the yellow light, proceed with caution category – your pet should be evaluated by a veterinarian sooner rather than later but will likely be ok to wait until morning. 

1. Eye Issues

Sudden onset of squinting/eye pain or sudden blindness

2. Not Eating

The timeframe to wait to worry about your pet not eating depends on their age and weight:

Cats or Puppies/Kittens that weigh LESS than 1kg: 24 hours

Dogs that weigh MORE than 1kg: 48 hours

3. Vomiting

If it persists for more than 24 hours.

4. Single Isolated Seizure

A single isolated seizure is not a full emergency but warrants evaluation and close monitoring 

5. Leg Issues
If your pet is unable to move their legs or is unable to put any weight on the affected leg. For what to do if your pet is limping, but able to put weight on the leg, please see here.

🐾 "Don't panic, We Got This!" Situations 🐾

The green light: certainly need to keep an eye on the situation but likely ok to be seen at the time of our next available appointment. 

1. Diarrhea

 Diarrhea, even with a little bit of blood, is usually ok to wait provided your pet is eating and drinking with relatively normal energy levels. 

2. Ears and Skin

 Ear infections or itchiness – although uncomfortable, are not usually life threatening. But because they are uncomfortable, we don’t want your pet itching themselves to the point of hurting themselves with their nails. Keep a cone on them to prevent them from scratching their ears or licking/biting itchy areas until they can be seen.

 

For itchy or irritated skin, we also want to keep those areas as dry as possible, and with a good airflow over it. For this reason, we don’t recommend using a t-shirt or other fabric to cover irritated skin to prevent your pet from bothering with that area. The t-shirt will prevent good airflow, and will trap moisture that may make the irritation worse. 

3. Urinary Troubles

Straining to pee, blood in the urine , peeing more frequently? Certainly something that we need to evaluate and monitor closely but not a true emergency unless they are not producing urine. 

4. Coughing

A cough with a normal breathing pattern and good energy and appetite – good news, this is ok to wait/monitor. t’s useful to monitor your pets resting respiratory rate. Learn how to take a respiratory rate here.

5. Limping

Limping but still putting weight on it? It should probably be checked out but have your pet rest, and minimize the use of the injured leg until they can be seen by the vet.

Still not so sure what to do? Here are some helpful resources and contacts for emergency situations:

☎ Resources and Contacts for Emergency Situations ☎

SmartVet Telehealth Services: 647-695-5411

A 24-hour telehealth service for pets. Experienced veterinary technicians can help you assess the situation and, if needed, connect you with a veterinarian (charges may apply).

ASPCA Poison Control Center: 1-888-426-4435

Great for when you’re unsure if your furry friend ate something they shouldn’t have (charges apply).

Emergency Clinics in our Area

Toronto Animal Health Partners Emergency and Specialty Hospital: 416-380-7400

Toronto Veterinary Emergency Hospital: 416-247-8387

Central Toronto Veterinary Referral Clinic: 416-784-4444

Veterinary Emergency Clinic: 416-920-2002

For more emergency clinics in the GTA, or for clinics for exotic animals and pocket pets, see here.

Please be aware that, just like their human counterparts, veterinary emergency clinics are busy.  Be prepared to wait and remember they operate on a triage-based timeline where the sickest pets are seen first.

 

Protip: bring your phone and charger, a snack, any medications you might need and a great book.

Of course, these are general guidelines.

 

If you are ever unsure, don’t hesitate to have your pet evaluated by a veterinarian or qualified veterinary professional. 

So, next time your furball does something eyebrow-raising, just refer to our little guide and remember, we’re always here to make your pet parenting journey a bit more pawsome! 🐕🐈

Stay curious and keep wagging (or purring) on!

– The Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital Team 🐾

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The Essential Vaccine Guide For your New Puppy

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The Essential Vaccine Guide for your New Puppy

Discover the must-know vaccinations every new puppy parent needs to safeguard their fur baby’s well-being. From distemper defenders to parvovirus protectors, this essential vaccine guide is your key to a happy, healthy puppy. Don’t miss out on giving your adorable bundle of joy the best start in life!

Topics Covered:

Core Vaccinations

Distemper

Parvovirus

Canine Hepatitis

Rabies

Welcome to the exciting world of puppy vaccinations!  ….huh…not so excited as we Vet-Nerds about the world of canine vaccines.  Let us show you what all the hype is about and how the right vaccine plan will protect your new fur-baby from serious diseases and keep their tail wagging. Let’s explore the essential vaccinations for your new puppy, their importance, and when they should be administered.

Why Vaccinations Matter​

Vaccinations are like a shield of protection for your puppy, defending them against potential health threats. They work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight off specific diseases. By getting your puppy vaccinated, you're not only safeguarding their well-being but also contributing to the overall health of the canine community. So, let's dive into the world of vaccinations and unleash the superhero within your pup!

Core Vaccinations

These are vaccinates that are recommended for every pup, no matter their lifestyle. 

1. Distemper

Distemper is a sneaky villain that can attack your puppy’s respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Here in North York, this virus cycles through our racoon population making it an unwelcome threat in our neighbourhood.  Fear not! The distemper vaccine is here to save the day. The initial vaccination is typically given around 6 to 8 weeks of age, with boosters administered every 3 to 4 weeks until your puppy is around 16 weeks old.

2. Parvovirus

Parvovirus is like a stealthy enemy that can wreak havoc on your puppy’s gastrointestinal tract. But don’t worry, the parvovirus vaccine is a powerful weapon against this foe. It’s usually included in a combination vaccine along with other core vaccinations. The initial dose is given at around 6 to 8 weeks of age, followed by boosters every 3 to 4 weeks until your puppy reaches about 16 weeks old. Your veterinarian will guide you on the appropriate booster schedule.

3. Canine Hepatitis

Canine hepatitis is a formidable opponent that targets your puppy’s liver and other vital organs. The canine hepatitis vaccine is your pup’s ultimate guardian against this threat. It’s typically administered as part of a combination vaccine. Similar to other core vaccinations, the initial dose is given at around 6 to 8 weeks of age, with boosters every 3 to 4 weeks until your puppy is around 16 weeks old.

4. Rabies

Rabies is a notorious villain that affects the nervous system and poses a risk to both animals and humans.  This virus is so deadly that Ontario public health has made it a requirement for all pets.   Protecting your puppy from rabies is crucial for their safety and the well-being of your community. The initial rabies vaccine is typically given between 12 and 16 weeks of age.  

Vaccines against Distemper, Canine Hepatitis, Parvovirus and Parainfluenza are typically administered as a combo vaccine, known as DHPP or DA2PP, to reduce the amount of needles pokes for your pup.

Non-Core Vaccinations

In addition to core vaccinations, there are non-core vaccines that are recommended based on factors such as geographical location, lifestyle, and individual risk assessments. While these vaccines may not be universally required, they provide an extra layer of protection for specific diseases. Let’s take a look at a couple of common non-core vaccinations:

1. Bordetella Bronchiseptica

Bordetella bronchiseptica, also known as kennel cough, is a highly contagious respiratory infection that can dampen your puppy’s social life. If your pup loves mingling at dog parks or attending doggy gatherings, considering the Bordetella vaccine is a wise choice. Although typically only associated with mild cold like symptomes in adult dogs, Bordetella is the most common cause of pneumonia in puppies.  The initial vaccination is usually administered at around 8 to 12 weeks of age and does not need to be boostered for a full year. 

2. Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that can be transmitted through contaminated water sources or contact with infected animals. It can cause serious kidney and liver damage in both dogs and humans.  Because of the significant amount of urban wildlife  in our neighbourhood, Leptospirosis poses a significant threat to our canine companions.  Puppies with regular exposure to water or wildlife should be vaccinated against this virus. The initial vaccination is typically given at around 12 weeks of age, followed by a booster after 2 to 4 weeks. Annual boosters are usually recommended thereafter.

Consult with your Veterinarian 🥼🩺

Remember, your veterinarian is the best resource for determining the appropriate vaccination schedule and discussing any specific considerations for your puppy based on their health, lifestyle, and environment. Your veterinarian will provide tailored advice and ensure your pup receives the necessary vaccinations at the right time.

By staying up-to-date with vaccinations and providing your puppy with the necessary boosters, you’re giving them the best chance at a healthy and vibrant life. So, gear up and embrace the power of vaccinations to keep your puppy safe, happy, and ready for endless adventures!

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