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Bug Off! A Comparison of Parasite Prevention Options

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Bug Off!

A Comparison of Parasite Prevention Medications in Southern Ontario

Keeping your pets free from parasites is crucial for their health and well-being. Southern Ontario, with its diverse climate, presents unique challenges. In this article, we explore the best parasite prevention options available.

Topics Covered

What is Parasite Prevention?

Parasite prevention is all about stopping parasites—like fleas, ticks, and heartworms—from making a home on your beloved pets. These tiny troublemakers can cause serious health issues, ranging from annoying itching to Lyme Disease. In Southern Ontario, our humid summers and mild winters create an ideal environment for parasites to thrive year-round. That’s why regular parasite prevention is a must for pets in this region. By using preventive medications, you can protect your furry friends from the discomfort and health risks associated with these unwanted guests.

How does Parasite Prevention work?

Parasite prevention medications work in various ways to protect your pets. Most treatments target specific stages of the parasite’s life cycle, either killing the parasites before they can harm your pet or preventing them from reproducing. For instance, flea and tick preventives often contain insecticides that kill these pests on contact or after they bite your pet. Heartworm preventives, on the other hand, usually work by eliminating the larvae that mosquitoes transmit before they can mature into adult heartworms. By regularly administering these medications, you create a continuous barrier against infestations, ensuring that your pet stays healthy and parasite-free.


It’s important to remember that different parasite preventions can work different ways to protect our pets. Some medications may offer month-long protection against a broader spectrum of parasites, and some may be fast-acting against only a few types of parasites. Knowing what your pet is protected against is crucial because their risk factors can vary depending on your lifestyle together.

Parasite Prevention Comparison Chart 🔎

The chart below lists the most commonly available parasite prevention medications in Southern Ontario, what they protect against, their on-label claims, and important things to consider based on the active ingredient in the medication. This chart is only a comparative guide for pet owners, and does not replace veterinary recommendations.

Click on the image to view a larger version!

What's Inside? An Active Look at Active Ingredients 🔬

Understanding the active ingredients in parasite prevention medications can help you make informed choices for your pet’s health. Here are some common ingredients and their functions:

Did you know? Nicotine naturally occurs in plants and is toxic to insects.

 

Imidacloprid is an insecticide made to mimic nicotine. It works by targeting the nervous system of sucking insects, which include mites and fleas. When applied topically, the imidicloprid spreads through the oils of skin and hair follicles on pets, in a process called translocation. Fleas and their larvae get exposed to it by direct contact on the pets body.The imidaclopriod binds to nerve cells of the fleas, leading to their paralysis and death.

 

While imidacloprid is a very useful insecticide for humans and pets, great care must be taken of when disposing of it as it can have great impacts on the environment. Agricultural use of this insecticde has been stroingly linked with honey bee failure and colony collapse. Make sure to follow all label instructions for proper disposal.

Pyriproxyfen is an insect growth regulator that mimics a natural insect hormone, disrupting the development of fleas. After topical application, it spreads through the oils in your pet's skin and hair follicles via translocation. Pyriproxyfen prevents flea eggs from hatching and larvae from maturing into adults, breaking the flea life cycle. It can also spread to areas where your pet rests, exposing flea eggs and larvae in the environment to pyriproxyfen and preventing further infestations.

Moxidectin is an antiparasitic that interferes with the nerve transmission of parasites, causing paralysis and death. When applied topically, it is absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream. This makes it effective against both internal and external parasites, such as mites and intestinal worms, by paralyzing and killing those that feed on your pet's blood. Moxidectin also targets heartworm larvae in the bloodstream, preventing heartworm disease by killing the larvae before they can mature.

 

Moxidectin belongs to a class of compounds called macrocyclic lactones. These medications are commonly used in vetgerinary medicine to protect animals from various internal and external parasites, including heartworms, intestinal worms, mites, and fleas. Dogs with the MDR1 gene mutation (commonly found in herding breeds like Collies, Australian Shepherds, and Shetland Sheepdogs), are more susceptible to toxicity from macrocyclic lactones. Using multiple macrocylic lactone medications in these pets can further increase risk of toxicity. Symptoms of toxicity may include lethargy, drooling, tremors, or seizures. It's crucial to consult your veterinarian before administering these medications to ensure the safety of your pet.

Milbemycin is an antiparasitic that targets heartworms, roundworms, and hookworms. After oral administration, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed throughout your pet's body. Milbemycin oxime works by binding to nerve receptors in the parasites, causing paralysis and death. This process helps eliminate existing parasites and prevents the development of immature stages, providing comprehensive protection for your pet.

 

Milbemycin belongs to a class of compounds called macrocyclic lactones. These medications are commonly used in vetgerinary medicine to protect animals from various internal and external parasites, including heartworms, intestinal worms, mites, and fleas. Dogs with the MDR1 gene mutation (commonly found in herding breeds like Collies, Australian Shepherds, and Shetland Sheepdogs), are more susceptible to toxicity from macrocyclic lactones. Using multiple macrocylic lactone medications in these pets can further increase risk of toxicity. Symptoms of toxicity may include lethargy, drooling, tremors, or seizures. It's crucial to consult your veterinarian before administering these medications to ensure the safety of your pet.

Ivermectin is an antiparasitic that protects against heartworm disease and treats various parasites such as mites and intestinal worms. When administered orally or by injection, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the pet's body. Ivermectin interferes with nerve transmission in parasites by binding to their nervous system receptors, leading to paralysis and death. This mechanism ensures effective elimination of both internal and external parasites, keeping your pet healthy and parasite-free.

 

Ivermectin belongs to a class of compounds called macrocyclic lactones. These medications are commonly used in vetgerinary medicine to protect animals from various internal and external parasites, including heartworms, intestinal worms, mites, and fleas. Dogs with the MDR1 gene mutation (commonly found in herding breeds like Collies, Australian Shepherds, and Shetland Sheepdogs), are more susceptible to toxicity from macrocyclic lactones. Using multiple macrocylic lactone medications in these pets can further increase risk of toxicity. Symptoms of toxicity may include lethargy, drooling, tremors, or seizures. It's crucial to consult your veterinarian before administering these medications to ensure the safety of your pet.

Pyrantel is an anthelmintic. After ingestion, it is absorbed through the GI and released into the bloodstream. When intestinal worms bite, and are exposed to the treated blood, they become paralyzed. The paralysis causes them to dislodge from the intestinal wall, and be passed with the natural digestive process.

Permethrin is a neurotoxic insecticide. When applied topically, it is distributed into the oils of skin and hair follicles in a process called translocation. It binds to nerve cells of insects. Fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, lice and mites that come into contact with it on the skin are paralyzed and eventually die. It also acts as a mild repellant to insects. Permethrin is toxic to cats - cats lack an enzyme to safely metabolize permethrin.

 

Permethrin belongs to a man-made class of compounds call pyrethroids. Pyrethroids are made to mimic a naturally occuring pesticide found in chrysanthemums, called pyrethrin. While the natural pesticide pyrethrin can be safe for cats, almost all pyrethroids are toxic for our feline friends. Pyrethroids like permethrin are commonly found in flea and tick sprays sold in pet stores. While these flea and tick sprays are safe for dogs, please avoid using it on dogs that live with a feline friend.

Much like Imidacloprid, Nitenpyram also mimics nicotine. Nitenpyram is a neurotoxic insecticide. After ingestion, it is absorbed through the GI and into the bloodstream. When adult fleas bite and consume blood, they are exposed to nitenpyram. It binds strongly to the central nervous system of insects, causing rapid paralysis and death, often in as little as 30 minutes. This fast-acting treatment provides immediate relief from flea infestations, though it doesn’t have long-lasting effects, so it’s often used in conjunction with other flea control methods.

Fluralaner belongs to a class of medications called isoxazolines. This class has been associated with neurologic adverse reactions including tremors, ataxia, and seizures. Medications with this active ingredient should be used with caution in pets with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders.

 

Isoxazolines are a potent class of compounds used in veterinary medicine to protect pets from external parasites like fleas and ticks. Depending on the compound, it can be adminstered topically or orally, prior to being absorbed into the bloodstream. Isoxazolines work by targeting and inhibiting specific nerve receptors in parasites, leading to uncontrolled nerve activity, paralysis, and death.

Afoxolaner belongs to a class of medications called isoxazolines. This class has been associated with neurologic adverse reactions including tremors, ataxia, and seizures. Medications with this active ingredient should be used with caution in pets with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders.

 

Isoxazolines are a potent class of compounds used in veterinary medicine to protect pets from external parasites like fleas and ticks. Depending on the compound, it can be adminstered topically or orally, prior to being absorbed into the bloodstream. Isoxazolines work by targeting and inhibiting specific nerve receptors in parasites, leading to uncontrolled nerve activity, paralysis, and death.

Selamectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic; it is effective against parasites such as fleas, ear mites, heartworms, and certain intestinal worms. Administered topically, selamectin is absorbed through the skin and enters the bloodstream, where it targets the nervous system of parasites. By disrupting nerve signals, selamectin causes paralysis and ultimately leads to the death of the parasites. Selamectin also offers preventative benefits by affecting the eggs and larvae of parasites, helping to break their life cycle and reduce the risk of future infestations.

Sarolaner belongs to a class of medications called isoxazolines. This class has been associated with neurologic adverse reactions including tremors, ataxia, and seizures. Medications with this active ingredient should be used with caution in pets with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders.

 

Isoxazolines are a potent class of compounds used in veterinary medicine to protect pets from external parasites like fleas and ticks. Depending on the compound, it can be adminstered topically or orally, prior to being absorbed into the bloodstream. Isoxazolines work by targeting and inhibiting specific nerve receptors in parasites, leading to uncontrolled nerve activity, paralysis, and death.

Esafoxolaner belongs to a class of medications called isoxazolines. This class has been associated with neurologic adverse reactions including tremors, ataxia, and seizures. Medications with this active ingredient should be used with caution in pets with a history of seizures or neurologic disorders.

 

Isoxazolines are a potent class of compounds used in veterinary medicine to protect pets from external parasites like fleas and ticks. Depending on the compound, it can be adminstered topically or orally, prior to being absorbed into the bloodstream. Isoxazolines work by targeting and inhibiting specific nerve receptors in parasites, leading to uncontrolled nerve activity, paralysis, and death.

Eprinomectin is a parasiticide used to protect pets from internal and external parasites, like intestinal worms, lungworms and mites. It belongs to a class of drugs called macrocyclic lactones, which work by disrupting the nervous system of parasites, leading to their paralysis and death. When given to a pet, eprinomectin is absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body, targeting parasites in different tissues.

 

Eprionomectin belongs to a class of compounds called macrocyclic lactones. These medications are commonly used in vetgerinary medicine to protect animals from various internal and external parasites, including heartworms, intestinal worms, mites, and fleas. Dogs with the MDR1 gene mutation (commonly found in herding breeds like Collies, Australian Shepherds, and Shetland Sheepdogs), are more susceptible to toxicity from macrocyclic lactones. Using multiple macrocylic lactone medications in these pets can further increase risk of toxicity. Symptoms of toxicity may include lethargy, drooling, tremors, or seizures. It's crucial to consult your veterinarian before administering these medications to ensure the safety of your pet.

Praziquantel is a medication used to treat parasitic infections in pets. It is highly effective against tapeworms, a common intestinal parasite in cats and dogs. Praziquantel works by causing muscle spasms in the parasites, leading to their paralysis and subsequent expulsion from the body. Administered orally, praziquantel offers a simple and efficient solution for eliminating tapeworm infections in pets.

Parasite Prevention Puzzle: Finding the Right Fit 🧩💊

With so many options available, choosing the right parasite prevention medication for your pet can feel overwhelming. Here are some factors to consider:

1. Pet’s Lifestyle

Assess your pet’s lifestyle to determine their exposure to parasites. Do they spend a lot of time outdoors, hiking through wooded areas, or do they mostly stay indoors?

2. Parasite Coverage

 Consider which parasites are prevalent in your area and ensure the medication you choose provides adequate coverage. For example, if ticks are common in your region, opt for a medication that specifically targets ticks.

3. Administration Method

Some pets may prefer chewable tablets, while others tolerate topical solutions better. Choose a medication that is easy to administer and fits your pet’s preferences.

4. Duration of Protection

Determine how long you want the protection to last. Monthly treatments may be convenient for some pet owners, while others may prefer longer-lasting options.

5. Additional Benefits

Some medications offer additional benefits, such as preventing heartworm or treating intestinal parasites. Consider whether these extras align with your pet’s needs.

6. Veterinary Recommendation

Consult your veterinarian for personalized advice. They can recommend the best medication based on your pet’s health status, risk factors, age, and lifestyle.


By considering these factors and consulting with your veterinarian, you can make an informed decision and choose the parasite prevention medication that’s right for your furry friend.

Common Issues with Parasite Prevention Medication:

While medications are highly effective, some common issues might arise:

 

Missed Dose: If you forget to give your pet their medication, administer it as soon as you remember and then continue with the regular schedule.

Adverse Reactions: Some pets may experience side effects, the most common of which is vomiting or lethargy. If this happens, contact your vet immediately.

When to Seek Veterinary Help 🩺🐾

Certain signs indicate it’s time to consult your vet:

Persistent Scratching or Biting: Even after treatment, if your pet continues to scratch or bite, it could indicate an underlying issue.
Visible Parasites: If you notice fleas or ticks on your pet despite treatment, a vet visit is essential.

Changes in Behavior: Lethargy, loss of appetite, or other behavioral changes warrant professional attention.

If you suspect your pet might have been exposed: It happens! Sometimes you forget to give them a dose, sometimes you run out of their medication. Sometimes, their weight can fluctuate and affect how well their medication can protect them at the current dose!

 

Thankfully there’s a way to check.

 

If pets were exposed to parasites like heartworm and ticks and caught something, antibodies about the infection show up in their blood within 4-6 weeks of exposure, and can be tested for. The most common lab test for this is Antech’s Accuplex and Idexx’s 4Dx which both screen for exposure to heartworm, and 3 common tick-borne illnesses (Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis).

Choosing the right parasite prevention medication is crucial for keeping your pet healthy and happy. At Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital, we’re here to help you make informed decisions about your pet’s care. Remember, it’s always better to prevent than to treat! For more information or to schedule a consultation, contact us at 647-260-8387 or yonge.sheppard.vets@gmail.com.

 

Stay bug free and keep those tails wagging!

– The Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital Team 🐾

Tick Talk

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Tick Talk

A Pet Owners Guide to Ticks and How to Keep your Furry Friend Safe from these Tiny Troublemakers

Ticks are parasitic arachnids (AKA spiders) that survive by feeding on the blood of animals including dogs, cats and humans. Ticks range in size depending on their life stage maturity and gender. An adult female may be as large as half a cm, whereas a baby tick might be as small as a poppy seed.

Topics Covered

In Canda there are more than 40 species of ticks but the most established ticks in our area are:

1. The Blacklegged Tick, aka the Deer Tick (Ixodes scapularis)

 

2. The American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis)

The images above were sourced from Tick Talk Canada, a website by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association that is updated annually to educate Canadians and help protect pets and their families from these nasty little bugs

Where can Ticks be found?

Ticks prefer to live in wooded areas in tall grasses and under leaf litter.  However, with the increased prevalence of ticks in Toronto, ticks can also routinely be found in urban areas like city parks and other green spaces. 

Compiled Lyme Disease Estimate Risk Areas Map from 2016 – 2023, showing the spread of blacklegged ticks northward in the province. Estimated risk areas are a 20 km radius from the centre of a location where blacklegged ticks were found through drag sampling. This map has been published annually by Public Health Ontario since 2016. Passive surveillance is initially conducted, taking into account ticks sent by the public and healthcare providers for identification, exposure location information from locally acquired human Lyme disease cases, as well as if the areas of intertest are suitable tick habitats. Once the aforementioned passive surveillance criteria has been met, drag sampling is conducted over the course of six hours at two different time points between May and October to actively find blacklegged ticks and confirm they are present in the area. 

When can we expect to find Ticks?

Ticks start to look for a meal anytime the temperature is above freezing (0°C).  This means that ticks are most active in our area in the spring and fall weather.   But with warmer winters increasingly more common, there the risk for ticks persists even in our winter months.  For this reason, our most aggressive tick prevention strategies should be performed from March through to November, but should be considered year-round.

Disease Transmission

As if the idea of a blood thirsty spider isn’t enough of a reason to avoid ticks, these little vampires also transmit serious diseases to both humans and pets. In our area the most prevalent disease transmitted by ticks is Lyme disease.

What is Lyme Disease?

Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium called Borrellia burgdorferi. Unlike humans, most dogs that contract Lyme disease will not show any signs of illness or get sick. When dogs do get sick it usually manifests as mild joint pain or low-grade fever. This usually develops 2-6 months after a bite. A small percentage of dogs will develop life-threatening kidney infection. For this reason, if you do find a tick on your dog your veterinarian will likely recommend testing for Lyme disease 2 months after potential exposure and screen your dog for kidney disease if positive.

How to Avoid Ticks

By helping to identify and avoid ticks in our pets, we can also help keep ourselves healthy.

1. Check your pet for ticks whenever they have been outside 

Starting at your pet’s head run your fingers like a comb run your hands over your pets full body. You are feeling for lumps/skin tags. Another helpful way to pick up ticks that are still crawling around trying to find a place to feed is to run a lint roller over the entire surface of your dogs Ticks that have latched on to an animal will look like a black or grey skin tag. Tick hot spots include under your pet’s colour, groin area, under font legs, and around the ears. 

2. Remove any attached ticks within 24hrs of attachment.

It typically takes 24 to 48hrs before a tick can successfully transmit disease to your pet. By identifying and removing ticks in a timely fashion you can prevent Lyme disease.

3. Keep your pet on an approved parasiticide licenced for tick prevention whenever your pet could be exposed to ticks.

The class of parasiticides known as Isooxazolines are safe and incredibly effective at killing ticks. Isooxazolines are included in products like Simparica, Bravecto and Nexgard. Any pet that goes outside should be on tick prevention. It is most important that pets be on tick prevention from March to November, and as temperatures rise and our winters get warmer consideration is given to year-round protection. Remember ticks look for a meal as soon as the temperature is above freezing.

 

Bonus, these medications are also excellent at controlling other yucky parasites like fleas and mange!

Keeping your pet on tick prevention also helps kill ticks which means one less tick in the world that might transmit Lyme disease to you or your family.

How to Remove a Tick Safely

If you find a tick on your pet it is important to remove them promptly and safely. Remember it takes at least 24hrs before a tick can transmit disease, which means prompt and safe removal can help keep you pet safe from disease. When removing a tick it is important to remove the whole thing. If parts of the tick is left behind it can cause inflammation and infection. Because ticks have evolved highly specialized mouthparts removing a tick in its entirety can be easier said than done. Here are some options:

1. Using tweezers grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible and pull straight out without squeezing the body.

 

2. Use a Tick twister: Hook the tick twister around the ticks’ body until it is held securely between the two prongs with the base of the prongs lying flat along the skin near the point of attachment. Lift the hook very lightly and turn it. The tick usually detaches itself after 2-3 rotations.

From Tick Twister® by O’TOM. 1. Select a tick twister sized appropriately for the size of tick being removed. 2. Hook the tick twister around the ticks’ body until it is held securely between the two prongs with the base of the prongs lying flat along the skin near the point of attachment. 3. Lift the hook very lightly and turn it.

3. Call your vet – we can help!

Congratulations, pet parent! You’re now equipped with the know-how to safeguard both you and your furry family member from ticks. Make it a habit to check for ticks regularly and ensure your pet stays on prevention whenever temperatures rise above freezing. Have more questions? Please don’t hesitate to get in touch – we’re here to help you navigate the world of pet health with confidence and care.

– The Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital Team 🐾💚

Acute Vomiting in Pets

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Acute Vomiting in Pets

Vomiting is a common symptom in dogs and cats that can leave pet parents worried. Just like in humans, vomiting can be a symptom arising from a large number underlying causes. While it’s comforting to know that occasional vomiting will usually resolve with a little tender loving care, it’s important to recognize when it might be a red flag for a more serious problem.

A concerned puppy next to a pile of vomit

Topics Covered

As a responsible pet owner you may find yourself wondering when it’s time to sound the alarm and when it’s safe to take a wait-and see approach. In this article, we’ll delve into the reasons behind acute vomiting and discuss common diagnosis and treatment strategies to ensure the well-being of your beloved canine and feline companions. So, let’s dive in and uncover the mystery behind your pet’s upset tummy!

Common Causes of Acute Vomiting

There are a lot of things that can cause vomiting in pets. By being able to rule in or out the cause of your pets upset tummy, your vet can help ensure that your pet gets the treatment they need to get them feeling better.

1. Dietary Indiscretion

Dogs are known for their indiscriminate eating habits and sometimes they make bad choices. Consuming spoiled or inappropriate food, eating to quickly, or scavenging garbage can quickly lead to an upset tummy.

 

2. Gastrointestinal Obstruction

Sometimes our pets make bad choices that lead them to ingest foreign objects like toys, string, corncobs or socks, which can get stuck in the digestive tract, causing a life-threatening blockage and vomiting.

A Labrador retriever eyeing hot dogs in the fridge, potential for GI upset

3. Infectious Disease

There are a variety of viruses, bacteria and parasites that can infect our furry friends which may result in vomiting. Some of the common culprits include parvovirus, roundworms, salmonella, helicobacter and leptospirosis.

4. Toxins and Medications

Ingesting toxic substances like chocolate, plants (such as lilies), human drugs and medications can trigger vomiting and other serious symptoms in dogs and cats.

5. Metabolic Disorders

Conditions that affect major organ function like the liver, kidney or pancreas can lead to severe vomiting.

6. Autoimmune and Allergic conditions

Some dogs and cats may develop a food sensitivity or allergy which can be characterized by vomiting.

7. Cancer

Unfortunately, cancer may also cause acute vomiting in dogs and cats.  Although this is not something any pet owner wants to hear, it should always be considered, especially in our older patients. 

Diagnosing Acute Vomiting in Pets

Diagnostic testing allows your veterinarian to:

a) Rule out life threatening causes of vomiting

b) Provide prognostic information (i.e. how worried do we need to be?)

c) Rule in some causes of vomiting that might require specific therapy (e.g. vomiting caused by an intestinal foreign body that needs surgical intervention, while vomiting caused by Addison’s disease needs to be managed with highly specific medication). 

To do this your veterinarian may recommend a variety of diagnostic tests to try and identify the underlying cause of the vomiting.  These may include:

1. Physical Exam

Assess hydration and vitals as well as look for physical clues which can tell us what is causing the vomiting (e.g. abdominal mass or a string under the tongue).  This can also tell us which pets are stable and likely ok to try symptomatic management and which pests likely need more aggressive treatment and work up. 

2. Blood Tests

To evaluate organ function and look for signs of infection.

3. Abdominal Imaging  (X-rays or Ultrasound)

To detect gastrointestinal obstructions or other structural abnormalities.

4. Fecal analysis

To evaluate for parasites.

5. Infectious disease testing

Specific tests to look for parvovirus or FIV/FeLV or panleukopenia may be considered. 

My veterinarian ran a bunch of tests and they were all normal - what now?!

You may find yourself in a situation where your veterinarian has conducted tests, and to your relief (or perhaps frustration), everything appears normal. Don’t worry, you’re not alone! In many cases of vomiting, the precise cause remains elusive even after thorough examination.

But why is this good news?

One of the most important reasons to perform tests is to rule out serious conditions that might demand immediate attention, such as surgical intervention for a potential blockage. The absence of abnormal findings is, in fact, a positive outcome, allowing you and your veterinarian to breathe a little easier.  With the scary causes ruled out, the focus can shift to managing your pet’s vomiting symptoms. Your veterinarian may recommend a plan for symptomatic relief or, if necessary, suggest more specific testing down the line.

Treatment Options for Acute Vomiting

The treatment approach for acute vomiting will depend on the severity of the symptoms and the underlying cause (if and when identified).

 

1. For patients with vomiting lasting less than 24hrs, normal vitals and hydration

Your veterinarian may recommend a short fast (6-12 hrs) followed by feeding small frequent meals of a bland diet (Please see Home care for acute vomiting in dogs)

2. Fluid Therapy

In dogs with evidence of dehydration your veterinarian may recommend hospitalization for IV fluids or, for more mild dehydration, subcutaneous fluids. This will help correct dehydration, restore electrolyte balance and maintain hydration while your pet is recovering.

3. Medications

Anti-vomiting medications can help control vomiting and relieve discomfort allowing your pets body some much needed relief.

4. Addressing the underlying cause

Specific treatment protocols will be implemented based on the diagnosed cause, such as surgery or specific medication therapy.

Can’t get to the Veterinarian? Home Care Options for Pets

Step 1

No food or water for 6-12 hrs to allow the tummy a chance to rest and recuperate. (Not recommended in puppies/kittens less than 2mo or weighing less than 2kg)

Step 2

If no vomiting occurs in 6-12 hrs food and water can be introduced SLOWLY. We suggest offering 1-2 Tbsp of a bland diet (e.g. Royal Canin Gastrointestinal, Hill’s Biome, Hill’s ID) paired with a few sips of water. Then wait 1-2 hours. If no vomiting occurs, offer the same amount again and repeat for the next 24hrs.

Pro-Tip

GO SLOW. We don’t want to overburden a sensitive tummy with a whole bunch of food or water …even if they seem thirsty or hungry.  Fast expansion of a sensitive tummy might result in vomiting resulting in dehydration and sending us back to square one.

Home-cooked Bland Diet Options

Cooked lean ground beef or chicken and boiled rice

Step 3

If no vomiting occurs then the next day you can start to offer water freely and divide the bland diet into 3-4 small meals.  We recommend continuing the bland diet until your pet has been normal for 48hrs. 

Step 4

Once symptoms have subsided for 48hrs you can slowly transition your pet back to their regular diet. We recommend transitioning over the course of 3-5 days.

**Should symptoms persist, worsen or change, have your pet evaluated by a veterinarian** 

When to Seek Veterinary Veterinary Attention

While many instances of mild vomiting will resolve spontaneously with some TLC and supportive care at home, it is crucial to understand when vomiting necessitates medical attention. 

1. Vomiting Lasting More than 48 Hours with No Improvement

2. Moderate to Severe Lethargy

3. Puppies or Kittens Under 16 Weeks of Age or those weighing less than 1kg

Young animals are more vulnerable and can deteriorate quickly. If they’re vomiting, it’s better to err on the side of caution and consult a veterinarian.

4. Non-Productive Retching

If your dog is attempting to vomit but nothing is coming out, it can indicate a GDV (gastric dilatation and volvulus). This is most common in our large and giant breed dogs. This is a true emergency, and you should head to an emergency room right away.

 

Occasionally patients may aspirate after vomiting, resulting in pneumonia. This is most common in our brachycephalic breed dogs (like bulldogs and persians) Any indications of difficulty breathing or respiratory distress are serious and warrant immediate attention at an emergency veterinary clinic.

Prevention of Acute Vomiting in Pets

a) Regular Veterinary Check-ups

Regular wellness examinations and vaccines can help identify potential health issues early on and prevent potentially life threatening diseases and infections.

b) Proper Diet and Feeding Practices

Provide a well-balanced, high-quality diet and avoid sudden changes in food.

c) Avoid Access to Harmful Substances

Keep household chemicals, medications, toxic plants, and other hazardous materials out of your pet’s reach.

A cat nibbling on grass, a common behavior that (depending on the plant and what it's been treated with) may lead to vomiting in dogs and cats

At Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital, we’re dedicated to providing top-notch care for your pets. If you have questions about your pet’s health or need advice, don’t hesitate to contact us by call/text at 647-260-8387 or by email at yonge.sheppard.vets@gmail.com. Your pet’s happiness and health matter to us every day!

– The Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital Team 🐾💚

Lumps and Bumps: A Pet Owner’s Guide to Skin Lumps

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Lumps and Bumps: A Pet Owner’s Guide to Skin Lumps

So, your furry friend has a mystery bump? 🐾

Hey there, pet parent! We get it – finding a weird lump or bump on your beloved furball can be a little unsettling. But don’t panic! In this handy guide, we’ll explore the ins and outs of those enigmatic skin growths and what to do next.

fur on a dog's back is parted with a comb, showing a blueberry sized lump

Topics Covered:

The Big "C" Question: Is It Cancer?

The first thing you want to know is if that lump is the “Big C” – cancer. Here are some questions to help you figure it out. It’s also a good idea to look over these questions and have some answers ready for when you bring your pet to the vet to get their lump examined:

a) How long has it been there? 

b) Is it getting bigger?

c) Does it change from day to day? (Is it big one day and small the next?)

d) Does it cause any pain or discomfort? (Do you see your pet scratching/licking at the lump? Are you able to handle the lump, or does your pet have a reaction when you try to touch it?)

Not all Lumps are Created Equal: Understanding Benign vs. Malignant Lumps

So, what exactly separates a benign lump from a malignant one? Let’s break it down:

Benign Lumps:

These lumps are either non-cancerous or very gentle cancers that don’t pose a significant threat to your pet’s health. They often have well-defined borders and appear similar to normal tissues. Benign lumps generally grow slowly and tend to remain in one place.

 

Surgical removal with clear margins is often curative for benign lumps.

Malignant Lumps:​

Malignant lumps are cancerous, and can potentially spread to other parts of the body. They may lack well-defined borders and often appear different from surrounding tissues.These lumps tend to grow faster and can infiltrate nearby structures.

Treatment for malignant lumps may involve additional steps, such as chemotherapy, radiation, or more extensive surgery.

Understanding the nature of a lump is crucial because it guides the choice of treatment and helps you and your veterinarian make the best decisions for your furry friend.

So how do we know which lumps are good and which are good and which lumps are bad?

While some lumps have a characteristic look, the truth is we can’t tell if it’s cancer without examining the cells under a microscope.

"The Scoop" on Sampling Lumps

There are three ways to sample a lump:

1. Fine Needle Aspirate 

To perform this diagnostic, we take a small needle and poke it into the lump while simultaneously aspirating to pull up a small sample of cells which are (hopefully) representative of the mass. 

 

Pros: Simple, no sedation, budget-friendly.

Cons: Not always conclusive.  

Why aren't FNAs conclusive all the time?

1. Exfoliation Variation​

Not all cells exfoliate (shed) in the same way. Picture sticking a needle into an orange and drawing back – you might get a tiny bit of orange juice. Now, envision doing the same to a sponge – you’d likely come up empty. Masses (lumps) are similar. Some are inherently more fibrous and don’t readily release cells.

2. Accuracy Challenges

Sometimes, the lump is nestled amidst other structures like fat, infection, or inflammation. This can make it difficult to collect cells that accurately represent the lump itself, rather than the surrounding tissue. Think of trying to poke a boba pearl submerged in the center of a large bowl of gelatin – the target is there, but it’s not easy to isolate around the surrounding gelatin.

 

In such cases, FNA may provide inconclusive results, necessitating other diagnostic methods for a more precise assessment.

2. Excisional Biopsy

Here, we surgically remove the WHOLE lump and send it to the lab.

 

Pros: If it’s benign and we get clean margins, it could be curative. 

Cons: May need a second surgery if margins aren’t clean, costlier, and might require anesthesia.

3. Incisional Biopsy

Here, we take a only a SMALL PIECE of the mass and send it to the lab.

 

Pros: High likelihood of getting an answer about what the lump is.

Cons: More expensive, might need sedation, and additional treatments.

The "Margin" Mystery

Not all lumps are equal; some are exactly as they appear to be, others are sneaky and have extensive networks of tissue that extend beyond the margins of the primary lump.  When it comes to exercising cancer, you need to get every cell to prevent it from coming back.  

 

Think of them like plants. If the roots are simple and narrow, then removing the main mass works. But if it has extensive “roots,” we need to know what we’re dealing with. Margins are like how much of the “roots” we need to remove.

Treatment Options

1.  Monitor

If the lump is small, stable, and your furry friend seems unperturbed by it, it’s perfectly fine to keep an eye on it. However, be vigilant! If you notice any of the following changes, it’s time to consult your vet:

a) Lump is getting bigger
b) Lump is changing in any way (such as a change in the consistency, size, color of the lump)
c) Signs of inflammation or infection (such as red, irritated/angry skin, pus discharge)
d) Pain

Keep in mind, any lump that has been around for more than 1-2 months should be sampled to rule out potential concerns.


2. Fine Needle Aspirate

When in doubt, let’s “poke” this mystery bump with a tiny needle and analyze the cells under a microscope. This method is straightforward, usually doesn’t require sedation, and is relatively budget-friendly. However, it may not always provide conclusive results.

 

3. Biopsy

Sometimes, we need the whole scoop. In this case, a biopsy involves surgically removing the entire lump for a closer look under the microscope. The benefit is that if it’s benign and clean margins are achieved, it can be curative. But if margins aren’t clean, a second surgery may be necessary. This option can be pricier and may require sedation or even anesthesia, depending on the size and location of the lump.

Remember, finding a lump on your pet can be a little scary, but don’t jump to conclusions. It’s like a mystery waiting to be solved. If you’re concerned, consult your friendly neighborhood veterinarian. They’ll help you figure out the best way to tackle it and keep your furry friend in tip-top shape! 🐶🐾🐱

– The Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital Team 🐾💚

Decoding Pet Emergencies: When to Rush and When to Relax

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Decoding Pet Emergencies: When to Rush and When to Relax

A Triage Guide from the team at Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital

Hey there, pet parents and furry friends!  We know you’d move mountains to keep your four-legged companions happy and healthy. But let’s face it, sometimes deciphering their mysterious signals can feel like translating ancient hieroglyphics. Fret not! The dogtors at Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital are here with a guide.

Topics Covered:

🚨 The True Emergencies of Emergencies 🚨

Think of this as the red alert category – situations where speed is your best friend. Your pet needs to be seen as soon as possible.

1. Difficulty Breathing

Rapid, labored breathing or gasping for air.  A resting respiratory rate GREATER than 36 breaths / min. Learn how to take a resting respiratory rate here.

2. Unstoppable Bleeding

Any wound that won’t stop bleeding.

3. Severe Trauma

Accidents like being hit by a car, falling from a height or being bitten by another animal.

4. Non-productive Retching
Pets who are trying to throw up/vomit but nothing is coming up. This symptom, especially in large breed dogs, could be GDV (Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus), and needs to be evaluated right away.
5. Urinary Straining
Straining to pee with nothing coming out – this is most common in male cats. Not being able to pee can become life threatening in as little as 12 hours. If your pet is straining to pee, but is still producing urine, or if they’re urinating where they shouldn’t or has blood in their pee, see here.
6. Seizures
Convulsions or fits lasting more than 5 minutes or multiple seizures occurring in a day or a sudden change in mental status. For what to do if your pet experienced a single isolated seizure, see here.
7. Toxic Ingestion
From chocolates to lilies, if you know your pet has ingested something toxic, inducing vomiting within an hour of ingestion can be critical. If you’re not sure what they ate is toxic, the best number to call is the ASPCA Animal Poison Control at (888) 426-4435, available 24/7 for 365 days of the year.

🚑 Urgent but not "Let's Break the Sound Barrier" Urgent 🚑

Think of this as the yellow light, proceed with caution category – your pet should be evaluated by a veterinarian sooner rather than later but will likely be ok to wait until morning. 

1. Eye Issues

Sudden onset of squinting/eye pain or sudden blindness

2. Not Eating

The timeframe to wait to worry about your pet not eating depends on their age and weight:

Cats or Puppies/Kittens that weigh LESS than 1kg: 24 hours

Dogs that weigh MORE than 1kg: 48 hours

3. Vomiting

If it persists for more than 24 hours.

4. Single Isolated Seizure

A single isolated seizure is not a full emergency but warrants evaluation and close monitoring 

5. Leg Issues
If your pet is unable to move their legs or is unable to put any weight on the affected leg. For what to do if your pet is limping, but able to put weight on the leg, please see here.

🐾 "Don't panic, We Got This!" Situations 🐾

The green light: certainly need to keep an eye on the situation but likely ok to be seen at the time of our next available appointment. 

1. Diarrhea

 Diarrhea, even with a little bit of blood, is usually ok to wait provided your pet is eating and drinking with relatively normal energy levels. 

2. Ears and Skin

 Ear infections or itchiness – although uncomfortable, are not usually life threatening. But because they are uncomfortable, we don’t want your pet itching themselves to the point of hurting themselves with their nails. Keep a cone on them to prevent them from scratching their ears or licking/biting itchy areas until they can be seen.

 

For itchy or irritated skin, we also want to keep those areas as dry as possible, and with a good airflow over it. For this reason, we don’t recommend using a t-shirt or other fabric to cover irritated skin to prevent your pet from bothering with that area. The t-shirt will prevent good airflow, and will trap moisture that may make the irritation worse. 

3. Urinary Troubles

Straining to pee, blood in the urine , peeing more frequently? Certainly something that we need to evaluate and monitor closely but not a true emergency unless they are not producing urine. 

4. Coughing

A cough with a normal breathing pattern and good energy and appetite – good news, this is ok to wait/monitor. t’s useful to monitor your pets resting respiratory rate. Learn how to take a respiratory rate here.

5. Limping

Limping but still putting weight on it? It should probably be checked out but have your pet rest, and minimize the use of the injured leg until they can be seen by the vet.

Still not so sure what to do? Here are some helpful resources and contacts for emergency situations:

☎ Resources and Contacts for Emergency Situations ☎

A 24-hour telehealth service for pets. Experienced veterinary technicians can help you assess the situation and, if needed, connect you with a veterinarian (charges may apply).

Great for when you’re unsure if your furry friend ate something they shouldn’t have (charges apply).

Toronto Animal Health Partners Emergency and Specialty Hospital: 416-380-7400

Toronto Veterinary Emergency Hospital: 416-247-8387

Central Toronto Veterinary Referral Clinic: 416-784-4444

Veterinary Emergency Clinic: 416-920-2002

Please be aware that, just like their human counterparts, veterinary emergency clinics are busy.  Be prepared to wait and remember they operate on a triage-based timeline where the sickest pets are seen first.

 

Protip: bring your phone and charger, a snack, any medications you might need and a great book.

Of course, these are general guidelines.

 

If you are ever unsure, don’t hesitate to have your pet evaluated by a veterinarian or qualified veterinary professional. 

So, next time your furball does something eyebrow-raising, just refer to our little guide and remember, we’re always here to make your pet parenting journey a bit more pawsome! 🐕🐈

Stay curious and keep wagging (or purring) on!

– The Yonge Sheppard Animal Hospital Team 🐾

The Vital Vaccinations for Your New Kitten

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The Vital Vaccinations for Your New Kitten

Unlocking the Power of Feline Vaccines: A Shield for Our Whiskered Companions! Discover the vital role of feline vaccines in protecting our beloved cats from dangerous diseases. Let’s ensure a long, happy, and healthy life for our fuzzy friends!

Topics Covered:

Welcoming a new kitten into your home is an exciting and joyful experience. As a responsible pet owner, it’s crucial to prioritize their health and well-being. One of the key aspects of their healthcare is ensuring they receive the necessary vaccinations to protect them from various diseases and illnesses. In this comprehensive guide, we will discuss the essential vaccinations for your new kitten, including core vaccines like FVRCP and Rabies, as well as the non-core vaccine, Feline Leukemia. By understanding these vaccinations, you can provide your adorable feline friend with a strong foundation for a healthy, happy life.

Why Vaccinations Matter​

Vaccinations play a vital role in safeguarding your kitten's health. They work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and defend against specific diseases. By administering vaccines, we can prevent the onset of potentially life-threatening illnesses and protect not only your kitten but also other pets they may come into contact with. Vaccinations are a crucial step in disease prevention and are considered a cornerstone of responsible pet ownership.

Core Vaccinations

These are vaccinates that are recommended for every cat and kitten, no matter if they are indoor or outdoor.

1. FVRCP
FVRCP stands for Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis, Calicivirus, and Panleukopenia. This combination vaccine protects against three common and highly contagious diseases in cats.

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR) is a respiratory infection caused by the herpesvirus.  It can cause sneezing, nasal discharge, coughing, and eye inflammation.

Calicivirus causes respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, nasal discharge, and oral ulcers. In severe cases, it can lead to pneumonia.

Panleukopenia (Feline Distemper) is a severe and often fatal disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract and immune system. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and a decreased white blood cell count. The initial FVRCP vaccination is typically given at around 8 to 9 weeks of age, followed by boosters every 3 to 4 weeks until the kitten reaches a certain age. These boosters are crucial to ensure your kitten develops strong immunity against these diseases.
2. Rabies

Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects the nervous system of mammals, including cats and humans. It is primarily transmitted through the bite of an infected animal and poses a significant public health risk. Having an up-to-date rabies vaccination is required by law in many jurisdictions, including Ontario, and is crucial for protecting your kitten from this deadly disease. The initial Rabies vaccination is usually administered around 12 to 16 weeks of age, with a booster given after one year. Subsequent boosters are typically recommended annually.

Non-Core Vaccinations

Non-core vaccines for cats are additional immunizations that target specific diseases based on individual risk factors. While not universally required, they offer crucial defense for cats at higher risk, ensuring comprehensive protection for our feline friends. 

1. Feline Leukemia (FeLV)

Feline Leukemia (FeLV) is a viral infection that affects cats worldwide. It can lead to various health issues, including anemia, immune suppression, and the development of certain cancers. Vaccinating against FeLV is particularly important in kittens, cats with outdoor access or if there are other cats in your household that have tested positive for the virus. The initial FeLV vaccination is usually given at around 8 to 9 weeks of age, followed by a booster after 3 to 4 weeks. Annual boosters are typically recommended thereafter, depending on the cat’s lifestyle and risk of exposure.

Consult with your Veterinarian 🥼🩺

It’s essential to consult with your veterinarian to determine the appropriate vaccination schedule for your kitten, taking into account their health, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Your veterinarian will provide tailored advice and ensure your kitten receives the necessary vaccinations at the right time.

By ensuring your new kitten receives the essential vaccinations, including FVRCP, Rabies, and Feline Leukemia, you are providing them with crucial protection against common diseases. Vaccinations are key to maintaining their health, preventing the spread of contagious diseases, and promoting responsible pet ownership. Consult with your veterinarian to establish a vaccination plan that suits your kitten’s specific needs. With proper vaccinations, your adorable feline friend can enjoy a long and healthy life filled with purrs and playfulness.